Source analysis

In the three academic sources their purpose are all centered around the same thing which is, trying to persuade an outsider person to think of the topic using their hypothesis or their theory. For example in the first source it tries to persuade a company to use their strategy and way thinking to help them with their economic growth. The author says, "This paper aims at assisting OEMs in the development of their remanufacturing strategy, with an outlook of pursuing the opportunities presented by the inherent uncertainties. " The author's new way of thinking is opportunities through uncertainties and the company allows the author to apply his strategy in the real world which in turn can help persuade the reader to think the way the author does once he presents all of this information. As for the non-academic sources the memo and email have the same purpose, to inform coworkers of information or changes that need to be done. This differs from the academic sources that are trying to persuade and show their extensive knowledge to the readers. The third non-academic source is a opinion article about economics. This article is different from the other two sources because it doesn’t give the obvious slant; the only thing the only thing the article gives  his opinion back up with facts. This very unusual because we were always taught to give both sides of the argument and then use facts to support your conclusion. With the differences in the purposes between non-academic and academic writing comes the different conventions / components of rhetorical situations.   

Interview answers

Mark Rocco's interview  

1. What is the most common type of genre of writing seen in your field? " The most common type of genre of writing seen in my field is email. Usually emails are a quick and convenient way to get information out to a large group of people."  

2. In what cases do you use other types of genres? And why do you uses they different types of genres? "There is also presentations, documentations, and white papers." " You would use these because they provide more in-depth knowledge on a topic" 

3. How do you decide whether to use formal or informal writing? " It depends on the audience and how quickly you need to get the information out." 

4. How much time is devoted to your writing? "For an email I would spend no more than 10 - 20 minutes. I would spend 10 if it was being sent to a co-worker and 20 minutes if it was to upper management. Although for documentations, white papers, and presentations I could spend days devoted to the writing of those." 

5. Is there a certain format that is used universally in your field?  " No, it usually depends on how the upper management or the company wants it formatted."  

6. How often, if at all, to do cite or use outside resources to add to your writing? "I often cite outside resources because it enhances my writing with an outside or expert opinion."  

7. Who is your most common audience? Co-workers under me, management at the same tier level and upper management."  

8. How do your writing change when talking to a client vs a coworker/ boss? "Writing to a coworker can be informal, writing to a vendor or a client must be in business format, and writing to my boss must be done in a way that shows the responsibility and the understanding between the different of his job vs. my job."  

9. What types of media do you use in your job? "email requires an email system , presentations require a software and if you are going to give that presentation's you will want visual aspects such as charts and graphs, as well as short written points to help get the point across."   

10. What type of tone and language do you use in your writing? "It depends on the subject matter and the audiences. It could be authoritative, conversational, understanding, and persuasive."   

11. What do you value most in writing? What do you hate the most about writing? " the ability to have a conversation with more than one person and have detail documentation that you can look back and refer to. One thing I hate about writing is that once you put it down you can't take it back."   

12. How often to your write academic vs. non-academic writing in your field? " I do not do any academic writing in my job, just non-academic writing."  

Beginning questions  

13. What is your official job title? "Senior manager at Park Nicollet."  

14. what does that require you to do? "Information technology on the data side." 

15. Where did you go to school and what degrees did you acquire? " I went to the University of Minnesota and got a bachelors degree in computer management and information technology, and a degree in business management. I also have to certificates in system analysis and design of computers and the other in computer operations  " 

16. How long have you been working in your field? "Since 1977"  

17. What different jobs have you had in your field? " manager, senior manager and director" " In that time period I have worked for Ecolab, Health Partners, Long Term Care Group and Park Nicollet."  

18. Did your education prepare you for the type of writing done in  your field ? " Yes I was require to take a course strictly pertaining to writing within business. It taught how to write clear and consciously ."   

19. Did working and experience improve your writing even after all of your educational experiences? " My writing improved somewhat after I graduated and started working. It is in the work force that you can actually apply the writing strategies that you learn in school and get more feedback from someone who you are working with."  

20. What specific skills are need to have a job in your field? what specific writing skills do you need for your field? " You need to be able to write in business terms so it is well understood, without computer jargon, and it has to be conscious and to the point."  

21. How often do you write? " Daily, it ranges from emails, to memos , documentation paper, and anything else in between."  

Professor Solow's Interview 

  

1. What is the most common type of genre of writing seen in your field? " Every professor has three jobs, research, teach and services. Service meaning to the college, to the department, and to the students. I do a lot more teaching and services as the DEO than I do research. In the research part of things its academic writing. Economist theorize, hypothesize about different things, but a lot of it has to do with math which makes our writing more compact. What your trying to do is persuade a broader audience, most of the time its you coworkers, other professors or people interest in that topic, what you discovered ought to make them think of the topic in that way. In my job as head of the department though I tend to write more memos and report which, is usually more fact based. It can also be persuasive where I am trying to persuade my coworkers, the dean or the provost about something like should we do this or should we do that."  

2. So your tone changes? " I mean yes, and the style changes too.  

3. Is there a specific format you must use when writing?  " Well in the academic stuff there is a fairly standard format that everyone uses. In academic paper there is an introduction in which you introduce the topic or question at hand, and then you would have a literature section with what other people have said or wrote about the topic and you have a section that show your results, your data and your conclusion. In my writing as the DEO it can take many different forms. Memos are pretty standard with starting at the top with to and from, but it may be simply just writing an email to my colleagues in which there is no specific format its just used to pass information."  

4. What types of media do you use in your job? "In academic writing its usually just a typed up document, but if I am talking to my colleagues I might make a power point slide to put facts, or visual effects and data to get my point across."  

5. What type of tone and language do you use in your writing?  

6. What do you value most in writing?  " Organization and Clarity are two thing that I value. A person must be able to lay out an argument in a way that another person can follow, understand, and get to your conclusion."  

7. So you should always have an organized format in your writing? " Well yes, should always have an organized structure to your writing."   

8. What is your official job title? " I am a professor of economics at the University of Iowa, and the Department head of Economics."  

The Art of Quoting

I choose two quotes from my high school paper on existentialism.

1. The opening line exemplifies the idea of absurdism, which asserts that human existence is irrational and meaningless world. The narrator says, “As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning out of restless dreams, he found himself in bed, transformed into a gargantuan pest” (Kafka 13). The quote is written with a matter-of-fact tone and it makes it sound like an ordinary event. It leaves the reader without a specific cause or an explanation of how or why it happened.The transformation goes far beyond the boundaries of natural occurrences and seems impossible to any rational human being. The idea of morphing into a bug defies all logic within the normal human brain and is therefore absurd. It is in direct correlation with existentialism. The transformation is an unexplainable and absurd event that cannot be rationalized by human beings. This mirrors existence which is also unexplainable.  

I introduce the quote by giving a brief explanation of the quotes meaning so the reader has some indication of why I am using the quote.One of my points in my paper was that human existence is not explainable and there fore is absurdism so, I introduced my quote by stating my argument that the quote shows this idea. Once the quote is state, I then go on to give a more in dept explanation with my opinion on how this helps prove my thesis. I give specific details and take the reader on the step-by-step thinking process to prove my point. According to the book They Say I Say, I used what they call a quotation sandwich because I introduced the quote and gave more explanation after the quote was stated.

2.Another key idea of existentialism is that individuals are alienated; they are not part of a community and again suffering and despair are apart of human life. After Gregor’s transformation he becomes locked in the bedroom. He is isolated from human society and as a result it dehumanizes him so all thats left is a pest. The narrator says, “ His room, a regular human room, only a little on the small side, lay quiet between the four familiar walls”(kafka 13). At the beginning of the story, Gregor looks at his room after the transformation and describes his thoughts about the room. The quote is very ambiguous when he says, “regular human room” and it suggests that he is already detached from his human life. A normal person would refer to it as their room and the quote leads the reader to believe that Gregor is already uncomfortable and not connected to his human life and therefore is isolated from that life.

I approached the second quote the same way. I gave a brief explanation which asserted my thesis point and then after the quote, I gave an even more detailed explanation with my own thought and words process so as to help reinforce my initial statement before the quote.

Possible Report Source

Academic Sources:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221715005950
http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/cepa/docs/WP/WP042014.pdf
http://www.siecon.org/online/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Renstrom-Spataro-185.pdf

Non-Academic Sources:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/590/04/

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/opinion/paul-krugman-debt-is-good-for-the-economy.html?rref=collection%2Fcolumn%2Fpaul-krugman&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=stream&module=stream_unit&contentPlacement=4&pgtype=collection

http://www.dayjob.com/content/economist-cover-letter-1421.htm


The sources will be used to help me connect what I learn about business writing to real life situations. I can cite them within my paper for people to reference to so, they can see the ideas in practice instead of just reading how or why something is done. The academic sources will help me show the difference between writing in business that is done for educational purpose like in graduate school or for research, and the non-academic sources will help me show types of writing that is more commonly seen in a job setting. Also, the sources are another tool to help me develop and explain the ideas of a rhetorical situations as seen in business writing.

Questions for Interview

1. What is the most common type of genre of writing seen in your field?
2. In what cases do you use other types of genres? And why do you uses they different types of genres? What are their purposes? 
3. How do you decide whether to use formal or informal writing? 
4. How much time is devoted to your writing?
5. Is there a specific format you must use when writing?  
6. How often, if at all, to do cite or use outside resources to add to your writing? 
7. Who is your most common audience?
8. How do your writing change when talking to a client vs a coworker/ boss? 
9. What types of media do you use in your job?
10. What type of tone and language do you use in your writing? 
11. What do you value most in writing? What do you hate the most about writing? 
12. How often to your write academic vs. non-academic writing in your field? 

Beginning questions 

1. What is your official job title? 
2. What is your educational background? 
3. How long have you been working in your field? 
4. What different jobs have you had in your field?
5. Did your education prepare you for your field ? 
6. Did working and experience improve your writing even after all of your educational experiences? 
7.  what specific writing skills do you need for your field? 
8. How often do you write? 

Major Writing Assignment Analysis

The main purpose of the first major writing assignment is to show you understanding and knowledge of the characteristics of writing in your profession and then, condense that understanding and knowledge into a one sentence statement about the role of writing in your profession. The audience, or the person you are writing towards is a, group of high school/college students looking into your intended profession. As for the genre type, the goal is to write and informal report to these students. In this situation your stance is neutral, you are just supposed to inform the students and make them more aware of writing in the profession. Also, the media is print because the report must be typed on a computer, and the design of the informal report is in APA format.

Rhetorical Situation Analysis of high school English paper

I choose to analyze my research paper from junior year on stem cells. The purpose of the assignment was to inform and persuade an imaginary audience. Students were to choose a controversial topic and pick a side to argue within their paper. Within my own essay, I informed people of the benefits of stem cell research and tried to persuade my audience that the benefits out way the risks in most cases. As for my audience, we were told to write like we were giving an important document to executives or government officials so the paper had to be formal. For example, there were no personal pronouns in the essay, and all of the arguments made were backed up with reliable sources.  The other audience member was my teacher, and as a result I format my paper to the teacher's standard which was MLA standard format. The genre was a formal research paper so I used a serious tone and again only used researched sourced materials for information. As for my stance, I choose to take the pro-side of stem cell research and that can be seen from my thesis statement. I wrote, "Although many doctors and scientist are skeptical of the uses and benefits of stem cells research, the research has enormous benefits in the medical field with the uses of 3-D printers, drug testing, and the potential to reverse diseases with the stem cell therapies.". The media, or the way information was communicated, was through the computer. The essay had to be typed and students were limited to online scholarly articles for sources so, no other forms of media could have even been use to communicate or get the information.

Paper: 

 In 1998, James Thompson isolated cells of early embryos and as a result; he developed the first embryonic stem cells (Murnagham). When taken from human embryos these cells have the ability to grow into any type of cell in the human body, but stem cells are not limited to human embryos. They can be found in the brain, the spinal cord, bone marrow, muscle, skin, gut, liver, teeth, and heart. Studying stem cells will help researchers understand how they form into specialized cells and create enormous potential in all fields of medicine. Still with the use of stem cells critics come to the surface. Some researchers and doctors share their skepticisms about the potential treatments and uses of stem cells, and often feel there is more accurate, reliable, and safe alternative to stem cells. Although many doctors and scientist are skeptical of the uses and benefits of stem cells research, the research has enormous benefits in the medical field with the uses of 3-D printers, drug testing, and the potential to reverse diseases with the stem cell therapies. 

            3-D printers provide a unique and beneficial medical treatment that can help create specific cells and potentially organs. Researchers from Herriot-Watt University in Edinburgh have developed a cell printer that creates living embryonic stem cells. The printer was capable of printing droplet-size cells. These cells printed still maintained the ability to turn into different cell types (Lewis). This new printer could be used to create 3-D human tissues that may be used for drug testing, growing organs, or be printed in the human body directly. Dr. Shu says, “The manipulability of stem cells (hESCs) make them ideal for use in regenerative medicine- repairing, replacing, and regenerating damaged cells, tissues, or organs” –Dr. Shu (Lewis).

            Although the printing process might seem easy it is actually extremely complicated and took years to get right. In a lab dish, hESCs can be placed in a solution that tells the cells to develop into specific tissue types. The process begins with the cell forming embryoid bodies, which can be modeled into a specific shape and size. The printer is made with two “bio-ink” dispensers: one containing stem cells and the other containing just a medium. Two inks were dispensed in layers in order to create cell droplets and then put into small wells. Once the process is finished the wells should have clumps of stem cells (Lewis). For years scientists encountered trouble with stabilizing the cells and keeping them alive, but with the new printer made in Edinburgh the test revealed more promising results. After twenty-four hours, more than ninety-five percent of the cells were alive. After three days more than eighty-nine percent were alive (Lewis).

            More specifically than just making cells, 3-D printers have, or will have, the potential for organ, and bone replacement. Some eighteen people die in the U.S. each day waiting for a transplant (Griggs). 3-D printers have the ability to reproduce the vascular system required to make organs useful for transplantation. There is hope that one day 3-D printers could produce a whole organ such as the liver or pancreas for transplant. Scientists today are already using the printer to print small strips of organ tissues. For example Griggs say, “ A 2-year-old girl in Illinois, born without a trachea, received a windpipe built with her own stem cells” (Griggs). To create a bone replacement, the printer creates a scaffold in the shape of the bone, and coats it with stem cells. The benefit of the scaffold is the person has the ability to organize where the cells are located. This leads to better blood vessel and bone formation (Lewis). These are just some examples of the abundances of circumstances where a 3-D printer provided a solution to a medical problem using stem cells. Without the help of stem cells, 3-D printers would never be able to create any cell or organ for any use.

            Stem cells are expected to dramatically improve the ability of drug companies to screen for side effects and the effectiveness of new drugs much earlier in the development process (Accelerate Basic Research). This would significantly lower the cost and the time frame of developing a new drug while also saving millions of lives. At the University of Madison, researchers found a new way to test drug toxicity by monitoring the behavior of embryonic stem cells introduced to a potential drug candidate (Jennifer Chu). Testing a drug’s toxicity in lab rats is really unreliable because some drugs that appear safe in rat can be found to be toxic in humans. Studying stem cells and drugs could provide a more accurate prediction of a drug’s safety. Gaberial Cezar, assistant professor at UWM said, “ Exposure to a toxic drug may skew concentration of molecules that direct cellular metabolism and differentiation, disrupting cell-to-cell interactions and causing a biological cascade resulting in potential development disorders” (Jennifer Chu).

            The most common drug side effects are on the liver, kidney, and heart. That is why researchers are using stem cells to use for testing drugs (Accelerate Basic Research). Drug companies would have banks of stem cells from people with wide variety of genetic backgrounds and would provide a similar spectrum as if testing on hundreds of people. This type of personalized medicine would allow companies to develop safer and more effective drugs. Also it could reveal groups of people, with the use of their genetic makeup, that either do or don’t respond well to a certain drug (Accelerate Basic Research). The main goal is to test the drug on human cells before human trials and with the research ongoing the future of drug testing looks bright.

            Another application of stem cells is making cells and tissues for medical therapies (Frequently Asked Questions). Therapeutic treatments with stem cells show enormous potential for diseases related to genetic disorders. Stem cells are expected to be the most useful in treating multigenic diseases. Diseases that may be treated by stem cells include: Type-1 diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease (Pearson).

Today, the number of people needing a transplant far exceeds the number of organs available for transplant (Frequently Asked Questions). Pluripotent stem cells will hopefully offer a renewable source of replacement cells to treat many conditions. They are created by iPS or SCNT and are genetically identical to the donator (Accelerate Basic Research). Once the cells are created, the hope is they will be used to treat that person’s medical condition. hESCs are thought to provide potential cures and therapies for many devastating diseases (Frequently Asked Questions).

            Biotechnology companies have built on the basic foundations to begin creating stem cell- based human therapies (Frequently Asked Questions). For years many biotechnology companies have conducted clinical trials to test stem cells. One company is testing the use of human spinal cord stem cells to treat (ALS) Lou Gehrig’s disease. Another company is conducting three different clinical trials with Mesenchymal stem cells. The first tried to protect pancreatic cells in people with Type-1 diabetes. The second tried to repair the heart tissues after a person has had a heart attach. Then the third trial was to repair lung tissue in patients with (COPD) chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (Frequently Asked Questions). Bone marrow also contains stem cells and those have been used and studied for years by biotechnological companies.

            Stem Cells provide a wonderful tool for studying how diseases develop in the human body (Accelerate Basic Research). For example, if researchers extracted diseased tissues, drug companies or doctors could use them to find drugs, treatment, or even reverse the disease. Stem cell researchers can study the cells to understand what goes wrong when diseases form in the cell. It could lead to better ways of detecting the disease at an early stage or help develop treatments (Accelerate Basic Research). Another example is if a person has Parkinson’s disease, researchers could grow it in a dish and see what happens as it starts to form. Then they could test different treatments or even try to manipulate the genes in the cells. 

            Although many doctors and scientist are not optimistic about the uses and benefits of stem cell research, the research provides enormous potential in the medical fields with the uses of 3-D printers, drug testing, and the potential to reverse disease with stem cell therapies. With the research collected about stem cells, scientists can save millions of people suffering from horrible diseases. The research information gained can help provide new and unique ways of treatment and help researchers understand cells more extensively. Stem cell research is becoming more common in the medical field as a way to treat many genetic diseases and conditions. It is being trusted into the world of modern medicine with enormous expectations, which can be achieved with continuation of the research.

Works Cited

Chu, Jennifer. "Testing Drugs with Stem Cells | MIT Technology Review." MIT Technology

Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

"Frequently Asked Questions." Stem Cells and Diseases [Stem Cell

Information]. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

Griggs, Brandon. "The next Frontier in 3-D Printing: Human Organs." CNN. Cable News

Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

Lewis, Tanya. "3D-Printed Human Embryonic Stem Cells Created for First Time." LiveScience.

TechMedia Network, 05 Feb. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

Murnagham, Ian. "Benefits of Stem Cells." Benefits of Stem Cells. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

Pearson, John. "Point: The Potential Of Stem Cell Research." Points Of View: Stem Cell

Research (2013): 5. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.

"Stem Cells Accelerating Basic Research." California's Stem Cell Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 21

Apr. 2014.